What is the input impedance of the A12?
1200 ohms.
How does installing J1 and J2 affect the input impedance?
J1 and J2 will have no effect since the CMMI-8 that comes with the kit does not have a split primary.
Would there be any problem with bringing these lines to a switch mounted on the back of the chassis?
No, but it won't be useful unless you use a different input transformer.
I recently purchased a Peluso R14 ribbon mic. The salesman recommended an input impedance around 300 Ohms.
I suspect he's mistaken. Peluso's web site specifies an output impedance of 200 ohms for the R14, which would indicate an "ideal" input impedance of 2000 ohms or greater. I suspect loading the mic with 300 ohms would radically alter the frequency response.