Solved 1/2 of the problem, there was an omission about installing two 1k ohm resistors. That was the problem with regard to the multi-turn pot not working.
You should only install R38
or R39, not both, depending on the type of op-amp used at U4. For the OPA134, only R38 is useful. Installing R39 as well will only increase current consumption needlessly. You should also read the "offset voltage trim" section of the OPA134 datasheet, available at
www.ti.com.
I just had ordinary carbon film resistors for this purpose, my guess is this an appropriate use of such a low quality resistor?
Carbon films are fine for this application.
The last OPA134 opamp seems to me to be malfunctioning. Based on what I read from the schematic, it seems that the voltage would originate from that opamp directly since you have the signal folding back into the output.
U4 is connected as a unity gain follower, which means that the output voltage at pin 6 should be the same as the input voltage at pin 3. What voltage do you measure at U1, pin 6?